Urology
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þ Bladder Ultrasound:
 - bladder: HxWxLx.57=Vol, mL
 - retention is generally regarded as > 200 mL

þ Hemorrhagic Cystitis
 - often allergic or viral
 - responds well to alkalinization of urine (1 tsp baking soda in water TID)
   in just a day or two.

þ Epididymitis and Torsion
  <Epidid.TXT>

þ Kidney Stones
  <K-stone.TXT>

þ Assessing Hematuria
 - In patients with gross hematuria, the rate and amount of blood loss can be
   estimated by performing serial urinary hematocrit determinations.  A
   urinary hematocrit of less than 1 percent suggests the blood loss through
   the urine is minimal.  In order to become anemic from blood loss through
   the urine, the patient must have massive hematuria. Ref: Problem-Oriented
   Medical Diagnosis, 4th ed. p 253
 - visual evaluation of hematuria
   <Hematur.TXT>

þ Treatment for BPH:
 - finasteride (e.g., Proscar):  inhibitor of 5-alpha reductase, lowers the
   level of dihydrotestosterone in the prostate and reduces size.
 - terasozin (e.g., Hytrin): alpha-adrenergic blocker, useful if spasm and
   irritation of the urethra are prominent as cause of retention.

þ Acute urethral syndrome
 - low bacterial count UTI, vaginitis, urethritis
   with GC or Chlamydia or Herpes
 - 7 days of a quinolone best.

þ BPH treatments
 - Flomax (tamsulosin)
  + 0.4 mg daily
  + Alpha 1A adrenergic antagonist
  + increases urine flow rate
  + only slightly decreases BP
  + abnormal retrograde ejaculation
  + rhinitis (12%)