Diabetes
                                ========
þ Diabetes Basics
  <DM.TXT>

þ Unusual causes of hyperglycemia
 - iron poisoning <P-iron.TXT>

þ Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  <DKA.TXT>

þ Insulin Types, Onset, Peak and Duration
  and Insulin Drips
  <Insulin.TXT>

þ Urine vs. Serum Ketones
 - Urine ketones are MORE sensitive than serum; only get them in detectable
   amounts in the serum once the urinary excretion threshold is exceeded.
 - Therefore, if urine negative for ketones, no need to check serum.
   --Jann Johnston, M.D., Endocrinologist, Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh
   [Hendey GW, Schwab T, Soliz T. Urine ketone dip test as a screen for
   ketonemia in DKA and ketosis in the ED. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29(8):735-8.]

þ Urine Fructosamine
 - Fructosamine level is a measure of the integrated glucose values over a
   few days, similarly to glycated hemoglobin (but fructosamine spans a much
   shorter period of time, i.e. days instead of weeks).

þ ADA diet:
 - new (1997) guidelines from the ADA emphasizes CONSISTENT CARBOHYDRATE
   INTAKE at each meal.
   [American Diabetes Association. Translation of the Diabetes Nutrition
   Recommendations for Health Care Institutions. Diabetes Care Jan 1997;
   20[suppl 1]:537-539.]
 - The diet is about 1800 kcal (Calories with a big C)
 - 50% of the Calories are from carbohydrate
  + 5 CHO exchanges at breakfast
  + 4 CHO exchanges at lunch
  + 4 CHO exchanges at dinner
  + 2 CHO exchanges at bedtime
 - order as "CONSISTENT CARBOHYDRATE DIET"

þ Anti-Diabetic Drugs
  <D-DM.TXT>